Classical Music | Cello Music

Recorded on 12/12/2006, uploaded on 01/25/2009

Musician's or Publisher's Notes

Though Robert Schumann's initial output as a composer was wholly dominated by solo piano works, he eventually expanded into other genres, taking on the mantle of leading German symphonist from Beethoven, composing a myriad of songs as well as a multitude of chamber works. A child of his own age, Schumann was, in essence, an experimenter. Already having shown a willingness to break with traditional Classical forms in his early piano works, he went so far as to write works for the recently invented valve-horn that began appearing in orchestra in the 1830s. Though some composers, even as late as Brahms, still preferred the traditional natural horn because of its better tone quality, the valve-horn found an ardent supporter in Schumann who perhaps was looking more to the future possibilities of the instrument rather than what was readily available.

The year 1849 saw two works produced for the valve-horn—the famed Konzertstücke for Four Horns and Orchestra, op. 86 and the Adagio and Allegro for Horn and Piano, op. 70. The Adagio and Allegro was one of Schumman's pieces that he termed "Hausmusik," literally, "house music." By these pieces, Schumann meant to provide meaningful, artistic music for the benefit of the amateur in his own home.  (Though, a cursory glance of the music will shed light on the different skill levels of amateurs today and of Schumann's time!)

The Adagio recalls to mind many of Schumann's own songs and requires great stamina and control to give proper utterance to its lengthy, lyrical lines. For the most part, the horn dominates the section with the piano effortlessly picking up and imitating the horn's melodic lines during its brief pauses. The Allegro is cast in a rondo form with a vigorous first theme utilizing the full range of the horn. This theme alternates with more lyrical episodes based, in part, on the opening Adagio.

Along with its original scoring for horn and piano, Schumann also published transcriptions of the work with a viola or cello replacing the solo horn. However, it was the horn version that achieved the most success and would prompt Schumann to compose the Konzertstücke for four horns later in the year.    Joseph DuBose

Adagio and Allegro, op. 70                    Robert Schumann

Robert Schumann's popular Adagio and Allegro, Op. 70 (1849) was originally conceived and composed as a piece for horn and piano. The work was Schumann's answer to the advances made years earlier in the development of the Ventilhorn, or valve horn, which, unlike the horn known to Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, allowed the playing of more exact pitches and precise half-steps. The initial success of the Adagio and Allegro prompted Schumann to write versions for violin and cello in place of the horn and even to orchestrate the piano part. The work is truly one of great joy, fun, and emotional balance, and concedes nothing to the dark clouds of despair which would ultimately consume the troubled composer.    Michael Cansfield

Courtesy of International Music Foundation.