This Week in Classical Music: January 20, 2020.  From Schein to du Pré.  A group of brilliant musicians (and several composers) whose lives span almost half of a millennium, were born this week.  The oldest, the German composer Johann Hermann Schein, was born on this day in 1586.  A contemporary (and a friend) of themore famous Heinrich Schütz, Schein lived a short life of just 44 years and never traveled outside of Germany.  He worked as a Kapellmeister in Weimar, later became the cantor at Thomasschule in Leipzig (a position held by Bach a century later) and lived there for the rest of his life.  Even though he hadnever been to Italy, he absorbed many of the new (Baroque) music trends emanating from that country.  You can hear them in this section of his Israel's Brünnlein (The Fountains of Israel), written in 1623.  The section is called Die mit Tränen säen (Who sow with tears will reap with joy), and it sounds very much like a sophisticated Italian madrigal.  Ensemble Vocal Européen is conducted by Philippe Herreweghe.

Farinelli, born Carlo Broschi, was probably the most famous castrato singer of all time.  A soprano, he had a huge range that allowed him to sing arias written for the contraltos.  He was born 215 years ago, in Andria, near the Adriatic coast of Italy on January 24^th of 1705.  Broschi was castrated when he was about 12 years old; while a common practice for boys from poor families having fine voices, a medical pretense had to be declared for the operation to take place; in Broschi’s case it was a false report of damage he suffered after falling from a horse.  Broschi studied with the famous composer and teacher Nicola Porpora and made his debut at the age of 15 in Porpora’s opera Angelica e Medoro.  His fame grew swiftly; by the age of 18 he was cast in leading roles singing in major opera houses of Venice, Milan and Florence.  From 1727 to 1734 he lived in Bologna; while performing in Turin he met the British ambassador who helped him negotiate a contract with London’s Opera of the Nobility, a competitor to Handel’s Royal Academy of Music.  Porpora and Hasse were the major composers working for the Opera of the Nobility, with Senesino, who previously sung for Handel but ended up quarrelling with him and quitting the Academy, as their main star.  With Farinelli joining, the Opera became even more popular, leading to the bankruptcy of Handel’s enterprise.  Adored by the public, Farinelly was earning 5,000 pound a year, an enormous sum for the time.  He stayed in London till 1737 when he quit in order to move to Spain, where he was made the Chamber musician to the King.  Farinelli’s task was to sing to the King every night; he never sung in public again.  In addition to his duties at the court, Farinelli was appointed the director of two Madrid theaters; there he collaborated with his friend Metastasio staging numerous lavish productions.  Interestingly enough, another famous Italian, the composer Domenico Scarlatti, had a position at the court at the same time as Farinelli.  After staying in Spain till 1759, Farinelli retired to his villa in Bologna.  He lived there in luxury, and was visited by luminaries like Gluck, Mozart and Emperor Joseph II.  He died on September 16^th of 1782.

Today is also the birthday of Josef Hofmann, the famous Polish-American pianist; he was born in 1876 in Kraków, Poland.  And 15 years later, also on this day, Mischa Elman, a Russian-Jewish violinist was born.  Both he and Hoffman lived most of their lives in the US.  And finally, the youngest of the group, the cellist Jacqueline du Pré, who was born on January 26, 1945, 75 years ago.

This Week in Classical Music: January 13, 2020.  Jansons.  Mariss Jansons died less than two months ago, on November 30^th of 2019 (the great Wilhelm Furtwängler also died on November 30^th, in 1954).  This week Jansons would’ve celebrated his 77^th birthday: he was born on January 14^th of 1943 in Riga, Latvia.  The circumstances of his childhood were extremely difficult.  Latvia was occupied by the Germans, and while his father, Arvid Jansons, was an established musician, his mother, a soprano Ida Blumenfeld, was Jewish and undermortal danger.  Almost 70,000 Jews were killed in Latvia during the German occupation, only 14,000 survived.  Most of the Riga Jews ended up in the ghetto, but Ida, with Arvid’s help, went into hiding.  All her relatives perished during the occupation.  Mariss was born while Ida was still hiding from the Nazis and local collaborators, and that’s how he spent the first year and a half of his life.  After the war, with the Soviets taking over Latvia, Mariss studied the violin in Riga (Gidon Kremer was one of his fellow students) and later, when Arvid became an assistant to Yevgeny Mravinsky with the Leningrad Philharmonic, he moved to that city and continued his studies at the Leningrad Conservatory.  In addition to the violin, he took conducting classes with the noted Soviet conductor Nikolai Rabinovich.  Mariss was one of the first Soviet musicians to study abroad: in 1969 he went to Vienna where he studied first with the conductor Hans Swarowsky and then with Herbert von Karajan.  In 1971 Jansons won the Young Conductors competition in Berlin; Karajan offered Jansons to become his assistant at the Berlin Philharmonic but the Soviet didn’t let him take the coveted position.  Instead, following in the steps of his father, he became the assistant conductor at the Leningrad Philharmonic (Arvid by then was the second conductor of the orchestra).  In 1979, with Mravinsky’s help, Mariss Jansons became the music director of the Oslo Philharmonic.  He worked there till 2000 and made the orchestra, previously quite mediocre, into a world-class ensemble.  From 1997 to 2002 he was the music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra.  He was regularly invited to Vienna to conduct the Philharmonic and from 2004 till 2016 he was the Chief Conductor of the famed Concertgebouw Orchestra.    

In 1996 Mariss Jansons had a heart attack while conducting the La bohème in Oslo (his father Arvid had a heart attack and died while conducting a concert with the Hallé Orchestra).   He had another heart attack five weeks later, soon after a defibrillator was implanted in his chest.  Last year Jansons health deteriorated; he cancelled many concerts.  He did come to the United States in November with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra but was clearly unwell: a music critic noted in a review that during one of the concerts Jansons could barely lift his arms.  Mariss Jansons died at his home in Saint-Petersburg later that month.  Here’s the first movement, Allegro maestoso, of Mahler’s Symphony no. 2.  Mariss Jansons conducts the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra.  This recording was made during the Munich concerts on May 13-15, 2011.

This Week in Classical Music: January 6, 2020.  Happy New Year!  We just missed a remarkable date in the history of piano playing: three great pianists were born on January 5^th: Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli in 1920, Alfred Brendel in 1931 and Maurizio Pollini in 1942.  Also, several interesting composers were born this week, among them one of our favorites, the Frenchman Francis Poulenc (on January 7^th of 1899).  But we want to celebrate the 190^th birthday of Hans von Bülow, one of the most influential conductors of the 19^th century, who was born on January 8^th of 1830.  Bülow was not just a conductor, he was among the finest pianists of the 19^th century and one of Franz Liszt’s favorite students; he was also a composer.  Born in Dresden, as a boy he studied piano with Friedrich Wieck, father of Clara Wieck and teacher of Robert Schumann, Clara’s future husband.  Bülow started his conducting career in 1850, being influenced by Richard Wagner.  One year later he became a student of Liszt and several years later married Liszt’z daughter Cosima; in 1860 they had a daughter. In 1864 Bülow became the Hofkapellmeister (music director) of the Munich Hofoper, and in that capacity conducted the premieres of Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde (in 1865) and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (in 1868).  Bülow was very close to Richard Wagner; in 1862 he and Cosima stayed at the composer’s summer house.  A relationship developed between Cosima and Wagner, and in 1863 they became lovers; Wagner at the time was still married to his first wife, while Cosima had another daughter from Bülow earlier that year.  In 1865, while still married to Bülow, Cosima gave birth to Wagner’s daughter.  The affair – an open secret in Munich – continued for a while, as Bülow refused to consent to a divorce.  Two years later, in 1867, Cosima delivered another baby and then a third one with Wagner; only then did Bülow agree to let her go.  Wagner and Cosima were married in Lucerne in August of 1870; Bülow, who continued to conduct Wagner’s music, never again spoke a word to the composer.  Richard Wagner and Cosima stayed together for the rest of his life (Wagner died in Venice on February 13^th of 1883 – she lived till 1930); on her first birthday after their marriage, on the morning of December 25^th of 1870, Wagner arranged a group of musicians on the stairs of their house to play a music he called "Symphonic Birthday Greeting”; it’s known to us as the Siegfried Idyll.

Bülow, who resigned from Munich in 1869, went on a very successful piano concert tour of the United States.  While in Boston, he premiered Tchaikovsky’s First Piano concerto.  Altogether, he played 139 concerts in 37 cities.  Upon returning to Germany, Bülow became the Hofkapellmeister in Hanover (1878-1880), then in Meiningen, where he created one of Germany’s finest orchestras, and eventually, in 1887 through 1892, he became the principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic.  Bülow died in Cairo on February 12^th of 1894.

This Week in Classical Music: December 30, 2019.  New Year Celebrations.  We often celebrate this season by playing parts of Bach’s Christmas Oratorio, one of the greatest creations in the history of Western music.  We already presented the first four parts of the Oratorio in years past, so today it’s to Part V, which is also known as Cantata Ehre sei dir, Gott, gesungen BWV 248 V (the title means “Let honor be sung to You, O God” in German, V signifies the part number in the Oratorio).  This music was composed by Bach directly for the occasion, rather than recycled from his older cantatas.  A calendar quirk is associated with this particular section of the Oratorio: it should be performed on the first Sunday of the New Year but before the feast day of the Epiphany, which is celebrated on January 6th; in some years – for example, 2019 – there is no such day.  In 2020, though, it falls on January 5^th, so it’s quite proper for us to play it this week.  Here it is in the performance by the New London Consort, Philip Pickett conducting.  We like this recording (it was made in 1997) but have to mention that Mr. Pickett is currently serving a 11-year sentence for rape and sexual assault of pupils at the Guildhall School of Music, where he was a teaching fellow.

The picture above is called A Woman playing a Clavichord, it was made around 1665 (70 years before Christmas Oratorio was first performed) by one of the Dutch painters of the Golden Age, Gerard Dou.

This Week in Classical Music: December 23, 2019.  Christmas music of the Late Renaissance.  Last year we celebrated Christmas with the music of three giants of the High Renaissance: Orlando di Lasso, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina and Tomás Luis de Victoria.  This year we’re doing something similar but focusing on the composers that worked at the end of the period, with some of them forming the early phases of the Baroque.  The great city of Venice is another theme that is common to our composers.

Giovanni Gabrieli, the oldest of the four, was born either in 1554 or in 1557 and lived most of his life in Venice.  He only left the city to study with Orlando di Lasso who at that time was employed at the court of Duke Albrecht V in Munich.  Soon after returning to Venice, Gabrieli became the chief organist at St. Mark’s basilica.   Gabrieli brilliantly used the architectural and acoustical peculiarities of the basilica, writing polychoral compositions, in which two choruses, placed across the nave from each other, sing sequentially while the echo creates additional musical effects.  Here’s Gabrieli’s O magnum mysterium (O great mystery) celebrating the newborn Lord.  It’s performed by The Philip Jones Brass Ensemble and the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Stephen Cleobury conducting.

One of Gabrieli’s students was a German composer Heinrich Schütz, born on October 18^th of 1585 in Köstritz, Thuringia.  He lived in Venice for three years, from 1609 to 1612, being sent there by Landgrave Moritz of Marburg specifically to study with Giovanni Gabrieli, since “a widely famed but rather old musician and composer, was still alive, I should not miss the chance to hear him and learn something from him.”  Some years later, in 1628, when Schütz was already established in Dresden as a court composer to the Elector of Saxony, he went to Venice again.  On that trip he met and studied with another of our composers, Claudio Monteverdi.   In 1660 Schütz wrote Christmas Vespers for the Court chapel in Dresden.  Here’s the O bone Jesu, fili Mariae section of the Vespers.  It’s performed by the Gabrieli Consort, Paul McCreesh conducting.

We just mentioned Claudio Monteverdi.  The great Italian is famous as a “father of the opera,” but during his long life (he was born in May of 1567 and died in 1643) he wrote many sacred pieces.  One of the most important of these works was his Vespro Della Beata Vergine (Vespers for the Blessed Virgin), written around 1610, when Monteverdi was in Mantua working for the Dukes of Gonzaga.  Vespers is a multi-part composition, containing several psalms and motets and ending with in a Magnificat.  Here’s the psalm Dixit Dominus, it’s performed in St. Mark’s basilica by the Monteverdi Choir and the English Baroque Soloists under the direction of John Eliot Gardiner.

And finally, another German, Michael Praetorius, who was born in Eisenach (also Johann Sebastian Bach’s birthplace), probably on February 15^th of 1571.   Praetorius had never been to Italy, but was influenced by Italian musicians while at the court of Johann Georg I, the Elector of Saxony.  It was also in Dresden that Praetorius met Heinrich Schütz.  Here, from his Mass For Christmas Morning is the motet Jesaja dem Propheten das geschah.  Paul McCreesh conducts the Gabrieli Consort.

This Week in Classical Music: December 16, 2019.  Beethoven plus Uchida, Huberman, and Reiner.  Next year we’ll be celebrating Beethoven’s 250^th anniversary – he was born in Bonn on this day in 1770.  We’ll have many occasions to celebrate this event in 2020, but right now we’ll focus on three interpretations of Beethoven’s work, by a pianist, a violinist, and by a conductor, all three of whom were born this week.

The marvelous Japanese pianist living in Britain, Mitzuko Uchida is known as a superb Mozartean, but she’s equally good in Beethoven.  Dame Uchida, a citizen of the UK, was born near Tokyo on December 20^th of 1948.   Her father was a diplomat, and the family moved to Austria when Mitzuko was 12.  She studied at the Vienna Academy of Music; among her teachers were Wilhelm Kempff and Maria Curcio.  In 1982 she played all of the Mozart sonatas in London and Tokyo (later she repeated the program in New York).  Mitzuko Uchida is also an acclaimed interpreter of Schubert, Chopin, Debussy and Schoenberg, especially his Piano Concerto.  We’ll hear how Mitzuko Uchida plays Beethoven’s Sonata no. 28, Op. 101.  The sonata was written in 1816; it’s the first of Beethoven’s five late sonatas, and while not as famous as the following ones, from Hammerklavier no. 29, to the three sequential opuses, 109, 110, and 111 (sonatas no. 30, 31 and 32), we think it’s very much on the same breathtaking level.  Mitzuko Uchida recorded all five late sonatas; this particular recording was made in 2007.

Bronisław Huberman was a Polish-Jewish violinist, one of the most renowned musicians in the inter-war period.  Huberman was born in Częstochowa, Poland, on December 19^th of 1882.  He studied in Berlin and Paris and became famous by the age of 12 after touring the major capitals of Europe.  Huberman and Arthur Rubinstein were best friends since they were boys, when Huberman was ten and Rubinstein was six.  When the Nazis came to power, Huberman helped the prosecuted Jewish musicians move to Palestine and create what was then called the Palestine Symphony Orchestra, now the Israel Philharmonic (Huberman, who lived mostly in Vienna, moved to Switzerland after the Anschluss).  Huberman made numerous recordings at the "Berliner Rundfunk" but those were destroyed during WWII.  Fortunately, he also recorded in London and the US.  Here’s Beethoven’s Violin Sonata No. 9, “Kreutzer.”  The sonata, op. 47, was written in 1803.  Huberman is accompanied by the pianist Ignaz Freidman, another famous Polish-Jewish musician.  The recording was made in London in 1930.  

And finally, the conductor.  Fritz Reiner, one of the most important conductors of the 20^th century (and another famous Jewish musician from Eastern Europe), was born in Budapest on December 19^th of 1888.  In 1914 he was hired as one of two principal Kapellmeisters at the Hofoper in Dresden.  He stayed there till 1921 and worked closely with Richard Strauss.  Reiner moved to the US in 1922.  He worked with the Cincinnati and Pittsburgh symphony orchestras, and then, from 1953 till his death in 1963, was the music director of the Chicago Symphony, making it, in the words of Igor Stravinsky, ”the most precise and flexible orchestra in the world.”  While a consummate musician, Reiner often behaved as an ill-tempered disciplinarian.  Here’s Reiner conducting the Chicago Symphony in Beethoven’s First Symphony, op. 21, written around 1795.  The recording was made in 1961.