May 7, 2018.  Stamitz, Paisiello and more.  The unfortunate coincidence of two birthdays, those of Brahms and Tchaikovsky, the former on this day in 1833, the latter – in 1840, creates a perennial conundrum: how to write about two very important composers of the 19^th century, so different as to render any comparison meaningless, both deserving multiple entries.  Over the years we’ve tried different tacks, such as here, but this year we’ll simply overlook both and write about several other significant musical figures whose birthdays we usually ignore for the sake of the two masters.  

Carl Stamitz was born on May 8th, 1745, in Mannheim.  His father, Johann, an important early classical composer and violinist, was appointed to the court of the Electoral Palatinate several years prior and was Carl’s first music teacher.  The Elector maintained an orchestra that was famous around Europe; Carl joined it at the age of 17.  Among the court musicians there were several composers who are now collectively known as Mannheim School.  While not very famous nowadays, these composers, and Carl Stamitz among them, influenced both Franz Joseph Haydn, Mozart, and even the young Beethoven.  In 1770 Carl left the orchestra and began a career of a traveling virtuoso: he played violin, viola, and viola d'amore.  He traveled all around Europe, playing concerts in Paris, London, Saint Petersburg, and many principalities of Germany.  Eventually he moved to Jena, and died there, impoverished, in 1801.  Here’s Symphony in D-major "La Chasse" written in 1772.  London Mozart Players are conducted by Matthias Bamert.

Giovanni Paisiellois one of those composers, who, very popular at their time, are very rarely performed these days.  Paisiello was born in a small town of Roccaforzata, in the Taranto province of Apulia on May 9^th of 1740.  During his long life (he died in Naples on June 5th, 1816) he was a favorite of several monarchs, including Catherine the Great of Russia and Napoleon Bonaparte.  Famous for his operas, he contended with such composers as Pergolesi, Cimarosa, and Rossini.  When Rossini dared to put to music Le Barbier de Séville, the same Beaumarchais’s play which Paisiello did 30 years earlier, fans of Paisiello created a riot.  These days, Rossini’s opera remains one of the most popular in the whole opera repertoire whereas Paisiello’s opera is a rarity.  Actually, it’s quite interesting, full of lovely melodies.  Here’s proof: the aria Saper bramate, bella il mio nome, from Paisiello’s Il barbiere.  Figaro is the wonderful Rolando Panerai, Rosina is sung by the late Graziella Sciutti.  Renato Fasano is conducting the Virtuosi di Roma.  Stanley Kubrick, the great movie director, also loved this piece: he used it in the gambling scene of his masterpiece, “Barry Lindon.”  This puts Paisiello in the company of Handel, Schubert, Bach and Vivbaldi. 

April 30, 2018.  Alessandro Scarlatti and Marcel Dupré.  We love Alessandro Scarlatti: he was аcomposer of great talent and these days is clearly underappreciated.  Yes, things are changing, and baroque opera is being staged more often.  And of course, the great Cecilia Bartoli did much to popularize some of his music, as well as the new generation of counter-tenors, Philippe Jaroussky among them.  Still, we’d like to hear much more of Alessandro’s music, instead of the standard ration dispersed by the classical music radio stations.  Alessandro Scarlatti was born in Palermo, on May 2^nd of 1660.  Here’s what we wrote about him a year ago, so let’s just listen to a couple of his pieces.  In addition to operas, Scarlatti wrote a number of oratorios.  Musicologists view these oratorios as a substitute for opera; most of Scarlatti’s oratorios were composed in Rome where the Pope was strongly opposed to opera performances.  We’ll hear two excerpts from the oratorio Il Sedecia, re di Gerusalemme.  It was written in Rome in 1705.  Scarlatti was living in Rome since 1702.  It was his second visit to the city (he first arrived in Rome at the age of 12 with his family and stayed there for 10 years before moving to Naples).  Even though he was under the patronage of Cardinal Ottoboni, Scarlatti wasn’t employed by him directly; instead, he would serve, usually for a short time before being fired, as maestro di cappella at different churches.   Eventually Ottoboni made the unhappy Scarlatti one of his “ministers,” but even that didn’t last long as a year later Ottoboni replaced him with Arcangelo Corelli.  Operas, Scarlatti’s favorite genre, were virtually prohibited by Pope Clement XI.  Scarlatti wrote five operas for Ferdinando de' Medici, then the Grand Prince of Florence but that relationship also ended rather soon, as Ferdinando decided that he likes Giacomo Antonio Perti’s operas better.

April 23, 2018.  Prokofiev.   Sergei Prokofiev was born on this day in 1891.  Two years ago we celebrated his 125^th anniversary and last year we again wrote about him in some detail, so today we’ll focus on some of Prokofiev’s music, especially the piece that so far has been missing from our library.  Piano sonata no. 5 is unusual in two respects: it’s the only sonata written outside  of Russia, and it’s also the only sonata to have two opus numbers.  The first version, op. 38, was composed in 1923.  After spending two not very successful years in the US, Prokofiev returned to Europe in 1920.  By 1922 he settled in the town of Ettal in the Bavarian Alps (Ettal is a place where the mad King Ludwig II, Wagner’s benefactor, built one of his folly palaces).  During that time Prokofiev spent much of his time working on the opera The Fiery Angel, which he had started working on in 1919 and wouldn’t finish till 1927 (the opera was never staged during Prokofiev’s lifetime; the first concert performance took place in 1953 in Paris, the theatrical premier took place in La Fenice, Venice, in 1955).  While in Ettal, Prokofiev, a virtuoso pianist, toured many countries, thus earning a living.  Also in Ettal, in October of 1923, Prokofiev married the Spanish singer Lina Llubera.  Soon after they moved to Paris, and it was there that Prokofiev played the Sonata no. 5 for the first time.  The reception was lukewarm, which Prokofiev acknowledged himself.  But clearly, he thought better of the music than most listeners and music critics, as he returned to the Sonata in 1952.  It’s difficult to imagine more different circumstances: in 1923 Prokofiev, 32 years old and full of energy was free, traveling around Europe, working with Diaghilev, arguing with Stravinsky, about to be married for the first time – and in 1952, only 61 but very ill, he was living in the suburbs of Moscow, suffering official prosecution for “formalism,” with many of his works officially banned, and Lina, his first wife, was arrested and in the Gulag. 

April 16, 2018. .  Nikolai Myaskovsky, a Russian composer, was born this week, on April 20^th of 1881.  Prolific (he wrote 27 symphonies), he was widely performed during his lifetime in the Soviet Union and, to a lesser extent, in Europe and the US.  He was often criticized by the Soviet music establishment and almost as often awarded state prizes; these days he’s mostly forgotten.  Myaskovsky deserves to be written about, but today we’ll focus on Tomás Luis de Victoria, one of the great composers of the Renaissance, for whom we never have a fixed date as we don’t know when hewas born. 

A younger contemporary of Palestrina and Orlando di Lasso, Victoria was born in 1548 in a small town of Sanchidrián near Ávila‎.  His mother was from a converso, that is from a family of Spanish Jews who were forced to convert to Catholicism.  Victoria went to school in Ávila, sang as a choirboy in the local cathedral and probably learned there to play the organ.  The cathedral of Ávila was one of Spain’s musical centers, and Victoria’s teachers were prominent composers and musicians. Some speculate that while in Ávila, he met Antonio de Cabezón, the famous blind composer, second in fame only to Cristóbal de Morales.  Somewhere around 1563, once his voice had broken, Victoria was sent to Rome, to the Collegio Germanico, a preeminent Catholic school known for its excellent music education.  While at the Collegio, Victoria probably met Palestrina, who at the time was maestro di cappella at the basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, and likely became his pupil.  In 1569 Victoria became a singer and the organist at Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli, the Spanish national church in Rome.  Such was his reputation that a couple years later he was invited to teach music at the Collegio Germanico and eventually was appointed maestro di cappella.  In 1574, he was ordained a priest.  A year later he was appointed maestro di capella at Sant'Apollinare alle Terme, the church of the Collegium.  By then Victoria was already a widely known and well-published composer. 

April 9, 2018.  Two singers.  Franco Corelli’s birthday was yesterday: he was born on April 8^th of 1921.  One of the greatest tenors of the mid-20^th century, he, together with Giuseppe Di Stefano and Mario Del Monaco, brought the level of tenor singing to heights which seem unreachable today.  Add to it two supreme sopranos, Maria Callas and Renata Tebaldi, the great baritone Tito Gobbi, the mezzo Giulietta Simionato, the base Cesare Siepi – all of them at the top of their form in the mid-1950s.  What a glorious era!  Corelli may not have had the most beautiful voice, but the power, clarity, phenomenal breath control and sheer excitement he generated were incomparable.  Listen, for example, to this 1955 recording of Cavaradossi’s aria E lucevan le stele from Puccini’s Tosca.  One may quibble with the interpretations, with the notes he holds a bit too long – just because he can! – but it’s singing at the very highest level.  Or a small sample from the legendary performance of the same opera in the Teatro Regio di Parma on January 21, 1967.  Tosca is Virginia Gordoni, Scarpia – Attilio d'Orazi, but it’s Corelli’s 12 seconds of A-sharp in Vittoria, Vittoria at the very end of this two-minute excerpt that brought the theater down.  We cut out the ensuing pandemonium (the word “ovation” isn’t strong enough) because it just wouldn’t stop; one couldn’t hear anything anyway, even though the orchestra continued to play (here).  Corelli was born in a provincial city of Ancona, his family wasn’t musical, and Franco entered the Pesaro conservatory almost by chance.  Even there, he mostly taught himself, following the technique of Mario del Monaco and listening to the old recordings of Caruso, Gigli and Lauri-Volpi.  Corelli started singing professionally in 1951; in 1953, in the Rome Opera, he sung Pollione in Bellini's Norma with Maria Callas in the title role.  Callas was taken by Corelli’s voice, and in the following years the two sung together on many occasions, especially at La Scala. 

April 3, 2018.  Haydn, Pogorelich.  We’d like to come back to Joseph Haydn, whom we mentioned, rather perfunctorily, last week.  As we were looking for a sample of Richter’s recording of a Haydn sonata (Richter made several and played Haydn often) we came across one made by Ivo Pogorelich in 1991.   It was a recording of a wonderful Piano Sonata no. 30 in D major, Hoboken XVI:19, composed in 1767.  Pogorelich, born in Belgrade, is one of the most unusual pianists of his generation.  His career began with a scandal: in 1980 the jury of the Chopin International Competition eliminated him after the second round.  Martha Argerich resigned in protest (she was not the only one to object, so did Nikita Magaloff and Paul Badura-Skoda, although they didn’t quit).  The publicity generated by the Warsaw scandal helped Pogorelich’s career.  While some of his interpretations were eccentric, they were not outlandish, on top of which he had a flawless technique.  In 1981 Pogorelich was invited to the Carnegie Hall (he played there many times; his 1992 performance of Balakirev’s Islamey became legendary).  That same year, 1981, he debuted in London, and a year later he was signed by Deutsche Grammophon.  Pogorelich had studied  in the Soviet Union since 1976; the year of the Chopin Competition he married his teacher, Alisa Kezheradze, 21 years his senior.  Little is known about Kezheradze.  When she met Pogorelich, she was married to a Soviet functionary, living in a large apartment in the center of Moscow.  She taught piano at the Music department of the Pedagogic Institute (Vladimir Genis, a Russian-German composer and pianist who studied there, remembers Kezheradze as “the only bright spot in that theater of the absurd, … striking, slim, of indeterminate age, with a face of a Georgian princess.”